urban areas and conglomerates are characterized by a very high population density, but also a concentration of technical infrastructure, including hazardous substances. In the European Union, the "Seveso Directive 2003/105/EC, amending 96/82/EC on the control of major-accidents hazards involving dangerous substances" defines the corresponding regulatory framework.

Technological risk from

• industrial/commercial operations (see also: the EMIS system a generic Environmental Management Information System framework designed primarily for industrial operations;
• transportation (of hazardous materials)
• any other type of technological or environmental hazards such as fires, collapse of structures, air plane crash, but also storms, floods, earthquakes etc.

CityWare optionally integrates a number of tools for the assessment and management of these risks and accidents,
combined in the RiskWare system, designed for

• Risk assessment and analysis, using classical stochastic modeling tools and accident scenarios;
• Emergency management, based on a real-time expert system that drives simulation models that predict the evolution and impacts from an emergency, the HITERM system;
• Risk training, a web-based eLearning system, the A-TEAM system.

Typical applications include:

• Chemical spills and pool evaporation;
• Atmospheric dispersion (3D, near field CFD models)
• Soil and groundwater contamination (stochastic)
• Chemical fire, smoke dispersion, BLEVE, explosion
• Water pollution: spills to surface and coastal water;
• Exposure to (non-ionizing) radiation, electro-smog;

Auxiliary tools and information resources include hazardous substances/MSDS, industrial waste stream data base.

Key indicators are location, timing, and severity (population exposure, material damage) of any of the accidents and emergencies.