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City specific data: Genoa, Italy1. Maps and GIS data:c/o Region Liguria:Raster maps (1:25.000 and 1:10.000) are available for the whole region. Vector 3 dimensional CAD map (1:5.000) for Genoa and its surrounding area. Several GIS layers are furthermore available, as for example:
c/o Genoa MunicipalityIn addition the GIS office of the Municipality of Genoa has available a more detailed three dimensional vector city map (1:1000) and its structured 2D GIS equivalent, covering most of the municipality area (the extensions to cover the whole area will be released in the near future). As a future development, is under analysis the integration of external databases, as, for instance, that provided by the Register Office or A.P.R. (Automotive Public Register). General Town Plan (1:5000) provides land use data and the relative regulations. Standard for both the Region Liguria and Genoa Municipality is the Intergraph MGE format (*.dgn). Export in interchange format (e.g., dxf, MapInfo, ESRI) in principle possible. 2. Meteorological dataAround ten of the ? 35 air quality monitoring stations are also measuring meteorological parameters. The quality of the detected meteorological quantities, especially wind speed and direction can be limited as most of the monitoring instruments tend to be in urban environments and to measure at elevations lower than the highest surrounding buildings. The most significant meteorological monitoring station is probably that of Genoa Airport (whose runway is a platform on the sea, facing the town). Temperature, wind speed and direction, rain and sky covering are measured once every three hours. Data relative to one whole year are available (but about 25% of the data, "randomly", missing). Oceanographic and meteorological parameters (both above and below the sea water) are measured by instruments installed on a research buoy in the Ligurian Gulf. Apart from sporadic tests for specific programs, no regional radiosonde data are available (vertical profiles as measured at Pratica di Mare Airport - Rome - could, in principle, be used as an approximation of the local conditions). 3. Census data:Census data (population structure and spatial distribution) are, in principle, obtainable from ISTAT in paper or electronic format (text format). They refer to the last population census of 1991, and they have been upgraded, year by year, until 1999. Georeferenced number of inhabitants, for each of the over 3000 census zones covering the ? 240 km2 of Genoa municipal area, are already available as GIS layer. 4. Basic socio-economic statisticsPublished historical and projected demographic data, referring to 9 main Genoa districts and partially disaggregated on 25 subdistricts and/or 71 urban units, are available, e.g., for resident population, immigration and emigration, education and working status, family size, sex and age distribution. 5. Traffic dataThe traffic flow data are provided from the T.C.C. (Traffic Control Centre). They are collected either by fixed detectors, strategically positioned at road sections, or, on demand, by pneumatic pipes, positioned in specific road sections not already monitored by fixed detectors. The drawback of pneumatic pipes is their brittleness that can often determine their break-up. The detectors provide data in real time and on the whole day. Moreover it is possible to monitor from the T.C.C. the actual state of operation of every fixed detector and all the data related to its maintenance. The data collected, in text format, are recorded in files. Besides traffic detectors, the T.C.C. manages other \223monitoring\224 devices: VMS and traffic light regulators. The Regional Department of Public Works and Transport has been carried out a study about \223Experimental Project for Detection of Traffic Flows on the Primary Traffic Network\224. The object was to collect traffic data from the main regional roads (except motorways). The monitoring time has been divided into three periods: spring, summer and autumn - 1998, and data have been collected for 61 monitoring sections, 16 of which in the Province of Genoa. The most significant traffic data that have been collected are:
The traffic demand in terms of trips origin and destination is represented with O/D matrices. The O/D matrix is generally based on data from population census carried out every 10 years. These data are completed with information obtained from sample surveys. The actual matrix used by the M.T.P.G. is based on the 1991 census data and it has been subsequently updated to the ' 96 with the detected traffic flows. The matrix dimensions are 77x77 and the O/D trips concern the private transport demand in the morning peak - hour 7.15-8.15. 77 origins and destinations correspond to the urban units, which make up the Municipality. 6. Environmental Quality DataIn the municipality area about 35 fixed air quality stations are localized in order to monitor both urban (mainly related to traffic) and industrial pollution (electric power station, steel industrial site - localized in the western part of Genoa). Apart from the measurement - hourly averaged - of traditional pollutants as SOX, NOX, CO, TSP (Total Suspended Particulate), monitored since the second half of the '80s, in the last few years the attention is moving towards "non-traditional" pollutants as O3, NMHC, BTX (benzene, toluene and xylene), PAH, PM10. "Non-traditional pollutants" are considered to have a potential impact on environment and human health, their measurements usually refer to samples of 24 hours average. A small set of the air quality monitoring stations (about 5 of them) is also equipped with phonometers for noise monitoring. The stations equipped with phonometers changed from year to year, so that yearly data sets could be available for several monitoring stations. Apart with this continuous monitoring, noise spot measurement campaigns were carried out by ARPAL and the municipal traffic policemen. The measurements (several thousands of them) were taken at selected points on a 24 hours interval (measuring averages and percentiles). By joining these 24-hours spot measurements and the continuous monitoring by the phonometers located by the air quality monitoring stations, one could try to re-construct a noise level map. Detailed campaigns were furthermore organised for the motorway, the port and several industrial areas. With respect to air quality, the Province of Genoa (P.O.C. - Provincial Operational Centre) has carried out a study related to \223Preliminary Evaluation of Air Quality\224, in respect of D.M. 21/04/1999 n°163. The \223Preliminary Evaluation\224 is considered a useful procedure to select environmentally fragile urban areas. It\222s based on: ? Collection or estimation of environmental data;
During the monitoring period, from 1993 to 1998, the concentrations of: O3, CO, Benzene, SO2, NO2 and B(a)P have been collected from Provincial control units. Besides, some missing parameters were evaluated from statistic correlations with other collected data. The study of every pollutant trend, in order to assess the Air Quality Standards, is based on analysis of statistic data such as: median, 98° and 95° percentile. It is furthermore available an Emission Inventory. The inventory's level of detail is a regional one but it provides a very important instrument for estimation of pollutant diffusion on the municipal territory and it also allows disaggregating the emissions respect to different kind of source. The database has been divided into 275 parts (activities), grouped in 58 sectors and 11 macro-sectors. The classification of the economic activities is based on the CORINAIR methodology, developed for EC in order to realise the European inventory of air pollutants emissions. The following pollutants have been taken into account: Sulphur Oxide (SO2+SO3); Nitrogen Oxide (NO2+NO3); NMVOC; CO; PM10; NH3; heavy metals (As, Cd, Ni, Pb, Cr, Hg, Cu,Se, Zn); greenhouse gases (CO2: CH4; N2O) It provides emissions for:
7. Simulation activityThe M.T.P.G. has at its disposal different kinds of traffic simulation tools. According to each simulators\222 needs, the Genoa road network is represented at a different level of detail and in specific formats. In succession the available simulation tools are briefly described: EMME 2-v1.3 by INRO:It is a macro simulator that gives, as main output, traffic flows (vehicles/h) on each link, travel times and speeds assigning the origin \226 destination matrix to the network. It simulates the route choice that users make when move from an origin to a destination.Input data are divided in two parts: the \223supply side\224 and the \223demand side\224. The \223supply side\224 consists of the available transportation infrastructure. The \223demand side\224 consists of the O/D matrix. Proper functions (for instance, volume-delay function or turn penalty) let to define the system performances. AIMSUN/2-v3.3 by TSS:(Advanced Interactive Microscopic Simulator for Urban and Non \226 Urban Networks). It is based on microscopic approach: the behaviour of each vehicle is modelled taking into account its interaction with the other vehicles in the network. The input data required are a scenario to simulate and a set of simulation parameters that define the experiment. The scenario is composed of three types of data: network description, traffic control plans and traffic demand data. The outputs provided are a continuous animated graphical representation of the traffic network performance, plots and printouts of statistical data (flows, speed, journey times, delay, stops) and data gathered by the simulated detectors (counts, occupancy, speed). TRANSYT/10-v9 by TRL:It is the tool for determining and studying optimum fixed-time, coordinated, traffic signal timings in any network of roads for which the average traffic flows are known. Typically Transyt is used to study small area where some changes happened (a new traffic light, different circulation,..) or the actual traffic light timings create congestion, in way to improve the situation. The input data are:
ARPAL has some experience in the use of several air quality models:
8. Major development plans for urban transportationThe new Urban Transportation Plan (UTP) has been approved by the Municipality of Genoa on the 28th of June 2000. The UTP is aimed at:
9. Description of UE Projects in which M.T.P.G. and ARPAL are involvedSince 1998, the M.T.P.G. has been working with serious effort on various UE Projects. In the following, a brief description of each project: ASIA (Advance Simulation Interoperable Architecture):The project aims at the development of a simulation environment that, through the integration of different simulation tools, will offer an effective approach in the definition and the analysis of transport systems (i.e. traffic lights centralisation assessment, traffic flow evaluation, micro and macro simulation, etc.). As for the city of Genoa it is expected an improvement in mobility management. PRESS (Pricing Roads for Energy Savings and the benefit of Society)The project concluded the last March; it was aimed at giving insight and disseminating knowledge about the effects that application of pricing measures (road and area pricing schemes) in congested urban and sub-urban areas induces both on users and society in terms of energy savings and social overall benefits. To this aim, state-of-the-art methodologies to evaluate mobility and environmental impact (in terms of energy consumption, mobility efficiency, traffic congestion, social costs, technical feasibility and social acceptability) has been applied in order to simulate different scenarios of EU cities (Genoa, Gothenburg and Helsinki). PROGRESS (Pricing ROads use for Greater Responsibility, Efficiency, and Sustainability in citieS)PROGRESS has been required by the same Consortium of the PRESS project; in fact one of its target is the assessment of the PRESS results. The project aims at testing two different road pricing schemes in the cities of Genoa and Gothenburg. ARPAL is a relatively new Agency, operating since January 1st, 1998. Among its operational duties, particular importance is given to environmental monitoring and recovery:
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