Each thumbnail sketch is a link to the full-sized screendump
in GIF format, 1280 by 1024 pixels, and usually between 50 to 300 kB.
Location and immediate surroundings of a chemical plant;
the plant layout is displayed over a local landuse map and orthophoto.
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Plant description: the risk object includes the location reference,
plant layout, and a hierarchical access to all its components including
production units, reactors, and storage containers.
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The plant description leads to individual reactors and containers,
that provide the source term for accident scenario simulation.
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As an additional feature of a plant description,
the Safety Report can be embedded as an HTML hypertext document.
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The Safety Reports and Alarm Plans are stored in XML/HTML,
and contain dynamic elements from the knowledge base.
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Preparation of Safety reports can be supported by the built-in
expert system, guiding through the step-by-step procedure.
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Additional tools such as Event Tree Models are used to identify and
characterise hazards.
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Supported by the expert system, simple dialogs help to define
the necessary parameters. Simulation model results (see below)
can be linked directly into the Reports.
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The dyanmic Eulerian 3-D near-field models use a dynamic source term,
weather conditions, and the chemical's properties.
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The 3-D wind field calculation take obstancles such as buildings
and major installations within a plant into account.
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An efficient solver can run the model for a very high resolution
(1 to 5 meters) domain at least 10 times faster than real-time.
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The 3D wind field calculation take obstancles such as buildings
and major installations within a plant into account.
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The atmospheric dispersion models use a dynamic source term, weather conditions,
and the chemical's properties. A 3D disgnostic wind field model
is used as a pre-processor.
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The dynamic atmospheric dispersion models estimates ambient concentrations and
population exposure based on threshold values for toxicity.
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The embedded chemical data base (chemical properties and MSDS)
supplies all necessary substance parameters for modeling and evaluation.
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Impact assessment uses a georeferenced data base of senstive objects
such as schools, hospitals, shopping centers etc. which affect
population distribution.
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Background map (orthophoto) for the BLAST
model, showing an railway station in an urban setting in the center.
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Color-coded results from the BLAST model (both a TNT equivalency and
a multiple fuel-air charge blast model (TNO) are available.
The model estimates population exposure.
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The FIRE models can describe chemical fires for several
geometries (pool, trench, BLEVE) it describes the
radiative temperature field for a given chemical and fuel flow/combustion rate.
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The Metodo Speditivo is a rapid assessment method
developed in Italy; it estimates safty zones around an accident site.
The implementation also estimates population in each zone.
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Atmospheric displersion of toxic substances is simulated with different
dynamic models: multi-puff Gaussian, Eulerian, or Lagrangian codes.
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The impact analysis is supported by the embedded GIS functionality
that suports various tools for overlay analysis.
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The real-time expert system provides a context sensitive dialoge
with the user, compiling information and providing advise.
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Information compiled by the user and entered through various
editing tools, is evaluated by the rules of the expert system,
that triggers the most appropriate function.s of the system.
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As a complex source example describing a railway train with hazardous
cargo in multiple railway cars demonstrate the potential complexity
of accident scenarios.
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The dynamic source models estimates release
from a damaged container in one or two-phases,
pool evaporation, infiltration into the soil, and the
probabilties for fire and explosion.
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The dynamic dispersion model uses a 3D disgnostic wind field model
as a pre-processor; the model is based on INPUFF 2.4, a multi-puff model.
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The dynamic concentration field is analysed together with the population
distribution to estimate the number of people exposed to concentrations
above toxicty thresholds.
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